Graphite oxide: chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Permanganate oxidation of aromatic alcohols in acid solution. Oxidation of olefins by potassium permanganate: mechanism of α-ketol formation. Oxygen-driven unzipping of graphitic materials. Room-temperature all-semiconducting sub-10-nm graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors. Performance projections for ballistic graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors. Chemical treatment and modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Bulk production of a new form of sp 2 carbon: crystalline graphene nanoribbons. Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors. Synthesis and characterization of atomically thin graphite films on a silicon carbide substrate. functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons. Edge state in graphene ribbons: nanometer size effect and edge shape dependence. Ballistic transport in graphene nanostrips in the presence of disorder: importance of edge effects. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. These early results affording nanoribbons could eventually lead to applications in fields of electronics and composite materials where bulk quantities of nanoribbons are required 15, 16, 17. Subsequent chemical reduction of the nanoribbons from MWCNTs results in restoration of electrical conductivity. Ribbon structures with high water solubility are obtained. ![]() Although oxidative shortening of MWCNTs has previously been achieved 14, lengthwise cutting is hitherto unreported. Here we describe a simple solution-based oxidative process for producing a nearly 100% yield of nanoribbon structures by lengthwise cutting and unravelling of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) side walls. Several lithographic 7, 8, chemical 9, 10, 11 and synthetic 12 procedures are known to produce microscopic samples of graphene nanoribbons, and one chemical vapour deposition process 13 has successfully produced macroscopic quantities of nanoribbons at 950 ☌. Thin, elongated strips of graphene that possess straight edges, termed graphene ribbons, gradually transform from semiconductors to semimetals as their width increases 4, 5, 6, 7, and represent a particularly versatile variety of graphene. Graphene, or single-layered graphite, with its high crystallinity and interesting semimetal electronic properties, has emerged as an exciting two-dimensional material showing great promise for the fabrication of nanoscale devices 1, 2, 3.
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